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数据卷管理

一、数据卷和绑定挂载的区别​

1.1 数据卷（docker volume）​

  • 存储位置：/var/lib/docker/volumes/
  • 特点：
    • 持久化：容器删除后数据仍保留。
    • 高性能：适合频繁读写。
    • 易于管理：通过 Docker 命令创建、备份和迁移。
  • 适用场景：数据库、共享数据、持久化存储。

1.2 绑定挂载（docker run -v）​

  • 存储位置：主机指定的路径。
  • 特点：
    • 直接访问主机文件：容器可读写主机文件。
    • 灵活性高：适合挂载任意主机目录或文件。
    • 依赖主机权限：需确保主机路径权限正确。
  • 适用场景：开发环境、挂载配置文件、直接访问主机文件。

二、docker volume 命令用法​

命令说明
docker volume create <volume_name>创建一个数据卷。
docker volume ls列出所有数据卷。
docker volume inspect <volume_name>查看数据卷的详细信息。
docker run -v <volume_name>:<path>启动容器并挂载数据卷到指定路径。
docker volume rm <volume_name>删除指定的数据卷。
docker volume prune删除所有未使用的数据卷。
绑定挂载命令用法
docker run -v <host_path>:<container_path>启动容器并挂载主机目录到容器路径。

三、 示例 创建数据卷​

  1. 创建默认数据卷

    # 指定名字
    ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume create my_volume
    my_volume

  2. 创建匿名数据卷

    # 不指定名字
    ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume create
    8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26

  3. 指定驱动类型

    # local（默认）
    docker volume create --driver local my_volume2

  4. 添加标签

    # 创建一个数据卷并添加标签（如 env=prod）
    docker volume create --label env=prod my_volume3

  5. 指定驱动选项

    # 创建一个数据卷并指定驱动选项（如设置文件系统类型为 tmpfs）
    ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume create --opt type=tmpfs --opt device=tmpfs my_volume4
    my_volume4

四、示例 查看数据卷​

查看 volume 目录

# 列出数据卷
root@www:/home/ubuntu# ls /var/lib/docker/volumes/
8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26/
backingFsBlockDev
metadata.db
my_volume/
my_volume2/
my_volume3/
my_volume4/

# 更详细
root@www:/home/ubuntu# tree /var/lib/docker/volumes/
/var/lib/docker/volumes/
├── 8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26
│   └── _data
├── backingFsBlockDev
├── metadata.db
├── my_volume
│   └── _data
│       ├── 50x.html
│       └── index.html
├── my_volume2
│   └── _data
├── my_volume3
│   └── _data
└── my_volume4
    ├── _data
    └── opts.json

11 directories, 5 files

docker volume ls 列出数据卷

ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26
local     my_volume
local     my_volume2
local     my_volume3
local     my_volume4

docker volume inspect 查看数据卷详情

Details
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume inspect my_volume
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2025-02-26T13:04:40Z",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume/_data",
        "Name": "my_volume",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume inspect 8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2025-02-26T13:14:29Z",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": {
            "com.docker.volume.anonymous": ""
        },
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26/_data",
        "Name": "8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume inspect my_volume2
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2025-02-26T13:37:59Z",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume2/_data",
        "Name": "my_volume2",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume inspect my_volume3
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2025-02-26T13:39:51Z",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": {
            "env": "prod"
        },
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume3/_data",
        "Name": "my_volume3",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume inspect my_volume4
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2025-02-26T13:41:07Z",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume4/_data",
        "Name": "my_volume4",
        "Options": {
            "device": "tmpfs",
            "type": "tmpfs"
        },
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

五、使用数据卷​

挂载数据卷

# 准备数据卷
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     my_volume

# 准备镜像
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY              TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
nginx                   latest    b52e0b094bc0   2 weeks ago    192MB

# 创建一个容器，挂载数据卷
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker run -d -P --name my-nginx -v my_volume:/usr/share/nginx/html/ nginx
11be6349947f20bb14b0adf66660b8bd599c54152d9d3c2ee54ea15efb04d5ea

# 运行状态
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                   COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                                         NAMES
11be6349947f   nginx                   "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:32771->80/tcp, :::32771->80/tcp       my-nginx

六、查看数据卷使用情况​

# 1.使用 docker ps 查看运行中的容器
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker ps --format "table {{.ID}}\t{{.Names}}\t{{.Mounts}}"
CONTAINER ID   NAMES             MOUNTS
9f7ad149cfef   my-nginx4         my_volume
11be6349947f   my-nginx          my_volume
e230b1fd483f   priceless_allen   
0ea1a7d43fb9   cool_satoshi      
5f9cfbdba6a0   musing_dijkstra  

# 2.使用 docker inspect 查看容器详细信息
ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker inspect 11be6349947f --format '{{ json .Mounts }}' | jq
[
  {
    "Type": "volume",
    "Name": "my_volume",
    "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume/_data",
    "Destination": "/usr/share/nginx/html",
    "Driver": "local",
    "Mode": "z",
    "RW": true,
    "Propagation": ""
  }
]

ubuntu@www.zxzsk.com:~$ docker system df -v
Images space usage:

REPOSITORY              TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE      SHARED SIZE   UNIQUE SIZE   CONTAINERS
my-nginx                latest    0809827f6f41   29 hours ago   192MB     192MB         0B            1
my-hello-world          0.1       f7688e36afea   29 hours ago   7.83MB    7.834MB       0B            1
wcjiang/linux-command   latest    2c54cbbfa8f0   35 hours ago   62.5MB    158.5kB       62.39MB       1
wcjiang/reference       latest    78e924db5dd0   8 days ago     32.3MB    158.5kB       32.1MB        1
alpine                  latest    aded1e1a5b37   12 days ago    7.83MB    7.834MB       0B            0
nginx                   latest    b52e0b094bc0   2 weeks ago    192MB     192MB         0B            4
mysql                   latest    5568fddd4f66   4 weeks ago    797MB     0B            797MB         0
ubuntu                  20.04     6013ae1a63c2   4 months ago   72.8MB    0B            72.81MB       0

Containers space usage:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                   COMMAND                   LOCAL VOLUMES   SIZE      CREATED          STATUS                      NAMES
c82fa0b0b10b   nginx                   "/docker-entrypoint.…"    1               0B        5 minutes ago    Exited (1) 5 minutes ago    my-nginx5
9f7ad149cfef   nginx                   "/docker-entrypoint.…"    1               1.09kB    7 minutes ago    Up 7 minutes                my-nginx4
c849b6cad020   nginx                   "/docker-entrypoint.…"    2               0B        11 minutes ago   Exited (1) 11 minutes ago   my-nginx2
11be6349947f   nginx                   "/docker-entrypoint.…"    1               1.09kB    31 minutes ago   Up 31 minutes               my-nginx
e230b1fd483f   wcjiang/linux-command   "/busybox httpd -f -…"    0               0B        25 hours ago     Up 7 hours                  priceless_allen
0ea1a7d43fb9   wcjiang/reference       "/busybox httpd -f -…"    0               0B        26 hours ago     Up 7 hours                  cool_satoshi
3a296b0470cb   my-hello-world:0.1      "/bin/sh -c 'echo \"H…"   0               0B        26 hours ago     Exited (0) 26 hours ago     fervent_lewin
5f9cfbdba6a0   my-nginx                "/docker-entrypoint.…"    0               1.09kB    26 hours ago     Up 7 hours                  musing_dijkstra

Local Volumes space usage:

VOLUME NAME                                                        LINKS     SIZE
my_volume2                                                         0         0B
my_volume3                                                         0         0B
my_volume                                                          4         1.112kB
8fc4a7d5d333e2addff8d6c859064b93daf9715d4352d9b03837ea6389d93f26   0         0B

Build cache usage: 0B

CACHE ID   CACHE TYPE   SIZE      CREATED   LAST USED   USAGE     SHARED
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